See suburbium on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "suburbi"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "suburbio"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "subúrbio"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "suburbio"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "suburbium"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "sub-",
"4": "urbs",
"text": "+",
"title": "suburbium",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbium\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*supo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"urbs\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"suburbium\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"suburbium\">\nFrom sub- + urbs.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbium\nFrom sub- + urbs.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "suburbiī",
"links": [
[
"suburbiī",
"suburbii"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbī",
"links": [
[
"suburbī",
"suburbi"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiī",
"links": [
[
"suburbiī",
"suburbii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbī",
"links": [
[
"suburbī",
"suburbi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiōrum",
"links": [
[
"suburbiōrum",
"suburbiorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiō",
"links": [
[
"suburbiō",
"suburbio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiīs",
"links": [
[
"suburbiīs",
"suburbiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiō",
"links": [
[
"suburbiō",
"suburbio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiīs",
"links": [
[
"suburbiīs",
"suburbiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suburbium<2>"
},
"expansion": "suburbium n (genitive suburbiī or suburbī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suburbium<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms prefixed with sub-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suburb"
],
"id": "en-suburbium-la-noun-xHpY4Sk3",
"links": [
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "suburbium"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:suburbium",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbiumlbor.\nPolish suburbium\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*upó\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*supo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"urbs\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"suburbium\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"suburbium\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"suburbium\">\nLearned borrowing from Latin suburbium.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbiumlbor.\nPolish suburbium\nLearned borrowing from Latin suburbium.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "suburbium n",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"su‧bur‧bium"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"su‧bur‧bium"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Places",
"orig": "pl:Places",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suburb (area on the periphery of a city or large town)"
],
"id": "en-suburbium-pl-noun-Un~ihiec",
"links": [
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peryferie"
},
{
"word": "przedmieście"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/suˈbur.bjum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-urbjum"
}
],
"word": "suburbium"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "suburbi"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "suburbio"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "subúrbio"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "suburbio"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "suburbium"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":af",
"3": "sub-",
"4": "urbs",
"text": "+",
"title": "suburbium",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbium\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*supo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"urbs\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"suburbium\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"suburbium\">\nFrom sub- + urbs.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbium\nFrom sub- + urbs.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "suburbiī",
"links": [
[
"suburbiī",
"suburbii"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbī",
"links": [
[
"suburbī",
"suburbi"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiī",
"links": [
[
"suburbiī",
"suburbii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbī",
"links": [
[
"suburbī",
"suburbi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiōrum",
"links": [
[
"suburbiōrum",
"suburbiorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiō",
"links": [
[
"suburbiō",
"suburbio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiīs",
"links": [
[
"suburbiīs",
"suburbiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiō",
"links": [
[
"suburbiō",
"suburbio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiīs",
"links": [
[
"suburbiīs",
"suburbiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suburbium<2>"
},
"expansion": "suburbium n (genitive suburbiī or suburbī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suburbium<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries referencing missing etymons",
"Latin entries with etymology texts",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *upó",
"Latin terms prefixed with sub-",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees"
],
"glosses": [
"suburb"
],
"links": [
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "suburbium"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:suburbium",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbiumlbor.\nPolish suburbium\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*upó\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*supo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"sub-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"urbs\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"suburbium\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"suburbium\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"suburbium\">\nLearned borrowing from Latin suburbium.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Italic *supo\nLatin sub\nLatin sub-\nLatin urbs\nLatin suburbiumlbor.\nPolish suburbium\nLearned borrowing from Latin suburbium.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbiach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "suburbia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "suburbium n",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"su‧bur‧bium"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"su‧bur‧bium"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish neuter nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *upó",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/urbjum",
"Rhymes:Polish/urbjum/3 syllables",
"pl:Places"
],
"glosses": [
"suburb (area on the periphery of a city or large town)"
],
"links": [
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peryferie"
},
{
"word": "przedmieście"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/suˈbur.bjum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-urbjum"
}
],
"word": "suburbium"
}
Download raw JSONL data for suburbium meaning in All languages combined (8.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (03da280 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.